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1.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 91(4): 605-613, ago. 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1138678

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Describir la oferta programática en primera infancia destinada a favorecer el desarrollo infantil integral en Chile. MÉTODO: Se realizó una revisión exploratoria siguiendo el marco método lógico del Joanna Briggs Institute. La búsqueda fue realizada por un investigador y los criterios de inclusión fueron: programas gubernamentales destinados al desarrollo integral en menores de 5 años en Chile. Los datos fueron organizados y sintetizados para describir características del programa y de la o las prestaciones que entrega. RESULTADOS: La búsqueda identificó 2060 documentos y 72 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se describen 59 programas vigentes que abarcan la primera infancia, es tando principalmente a cargo de los Ministerio de Justicia, Educación, Salud y Desarrollo Social. Los programas están destinados en su mayoría a la promoción e intervención, se encuentran focalizados en población vulnerable, son intersectoriales y utilizan diversas estrategias para su implementación. CONCLUSIÓN: La oferta programática en Chile para la primera infancia presenta características sugeridas como efectivas para favorecer el desarrollo infantil.


OBJECTIVE: To describe the program offering designed to promote comprehensive early childhood de velopment in Chile. METHOD: A scoping review was carried out following the Joanna Briggs Institute's methodological framework. A researcher conducted the review considering as inclusion criteria go vernment programs aimed at the comprehensive development of children under 5 years of age in Chile. The data were organized and synthesized to describe the characteristics of the program and the service(s) it provides. RESULTS: The search identified 2.060 documents and 72 met the inclusion crite ria. 59 current programs are covering early childhood, which are mainly managed by the Ministries of Justice, Education, Health, and Social Development. Most of the programs are aimed at promotion and intervention, focusing on vulnerable populations, are cross-sectoral, and use different strategies for their implementation. CONCLUSION: The program offering in Chile for early childhood has charac teristics suggested as effective to promote child development.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Preventive Health Services/methods , Preventive Health Services/organization & administration , Preventive Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Child Development , Child Health Services/organization & administration , Child Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Child Welfare , Child Health , Government Programs/methods , Government Programs/organization & administration , Government Programs/statistics & numerical data , Health Promotion/methods , Health Promotion/organization & administration , Health Promotion/statistics & numerical data , Program Evaluation , Chile , Early Intervention, Educational/methods , Early Intervention, Educational/organization & administration , Early Intervention, Educational/statistics & numerical data , Vulnerable Populations
2.
Rev. bras. epidemiol ; 23: e200028, 2020. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1101599

ABSTRACT

RESUMO: Objetivo: A prevalência de hipertensão arterial no Brasil e no mundo vem aumentando nas últimas décadas, sendo o uso de medicamentos uma das estratégias utilizadas no controle da doença. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência de uso e identificar as fontes de obtenção de anti-hipertensivos no Brasil, segundo variáveis sociodemográficas, comparando três períodos: 2011, 2014 e 2017. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados de indivíduos com idade ≥20 anos que referiram diagnóstico médico de hipertensão arterial, entrevistados pelo Vigitel nos anos de 2011, 2014 e 2017. Foi estimada a distribuição de frequências e as prevalências de uso de medicamentos, segundo variáveis sociodemográficas, de acordo com as fontes de obtenção, com intervalos de confiança de 95%. As diferenças entre as proporções foram verificadas pelo teste χ2 de Pearson (Rao-Scott), com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: A prevalência de uso manteve-se estável (80%). Quanto às fontes de obtenção observou-se variação no período, indicando diminuição na obtenção por meio das Unidades de Saúde do SUS (44,2% em 2011; 30,5% em 2017). Esse decréscimo esteve acompanhado do aumento na obtenção pela Farmácia Popular (16,1% em 2011; 29,9% em 2017). A prevalência de obtenção por meio de farmácias privadas/drogarias mostrou estabilidade no período. Conclusões: A prevalência de uso de medicamentos se manteve alta e houve modificação no padrão de utilização segundo fontes de obtenção, evidenciando migração entre Unidades de Saúde do SUS para a Farmácia Popular, sugerindo redução da disponibilidade dos medicamentos pelas farmácias públicas de forma universal e gratuita.


ABSTRACT: Objective: The prevalence of hypertension in Brazil and worldwide has been increasing in recent decades, and drug therapy is one of the strategies used to control this condition. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of use and identify the sources for obtaining antihypertensive drugs in Brazil, according to sociodemographic variables, comparing three periods: 2011, 2014 and 2017. Methods: Data from individuals aged ≥20 years who reported a medical diagnosis of hypertension, interviewed by Vigitel in 2011, 2014 and 2017 were used. Frequency and prevalence of drug use in addition to the sources for obtaining medication were estimated by sociodemographic variables, with 95% confidence intervals. The differences between proportions were verified by Pearson's chi-square test (Rao-Scott), with a significance level of 5%. Results: The prevalence of antihypertensive drug use remained stable (80%). Regarding the sources for obtaining these medicines, there was variation in the period, indicating a decrease in usage through the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) (44.2% in 2011; 30.5% in 2017). This decrease was accompanied with increase in PFPB (16.1% in 2011; 29.9% in 2017). The prevalence of other sources for obtaining medicine (private pharmacies/drugstores) showed stability in the period. Conclusions: The prevalence of medication use remained high and there was a change in the pattern of use according to sources, demonstrating migration between SUS pharmacies to the PFPB, and suggesting a reduction in the availability of medicines from public pharmacies universally, and for free.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Young Adult , Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data , Hypertension/drug therapy , Hypertension/epidemiology , Antihypertensive Agents/supply & distribution , Socioeconomic Factors , Telephone , Brazil/epidemiology , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Interviews as Topic , Health Surveys , Sex Distribution , Age Distribution , Community Pharmacy Services/supply & distribution , Community Pharmacy Services/statistics & numerical data , Government Programs/statistics & numerical data , Middle Aged , National Health Programs , Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use
3.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 24(6): 2233-2247, jun. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1011796

ABSTRACT

Resumo O Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) é de transferência condicionada de renda, sendo a principal estratégia do Brasil para o combate à pobreza extrema, à fome e à desigualdade social. As condicionalidades na educação propiciam as condições de escolarização para os beneficiários. O objetivo do estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática para avaliar os desfechos (efeitos e impactos) do Programa Bolsa Família em indicadores educacionais entre os beneficiários. Foram consultadas as bases Medline, Lilacs, EBSCO, Econstor, Science Direct e Web of Knowledge. A qualidade metodológica dos artigos incluídos foi avaliada por meio de escores da escala de Downs & Black. Foram identificados 2.391 estudos e selecionados 12. Houve evidências de que o PBF tem desfechos positivos em indicadores educacionais para o sexo feminino e para a Região Norte. Como resultados, demostrou-se que o PBF não tem repercussão na proficiência e no desempenho escolar, mas impacta significativamente nas taxas de abandono e na frequência escolar.


Abstract The "Bolsa Família" Program (BFP) is an income transfer program based on meeting certain conditions, being Brazil's main strategy for combating extreme poverty, hunger and social inequality. To satisfy the educational criteria, the offspring of the beneficiary families must attend school and score minimum school attendance rates. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review to assess the outcomes (effects and impact) of the BFP on educational indicators among the beneficiary families. A search was conducted in the Medline, Lilacs, EBSCO, Econstor, Science Direct and Web of Knowledge databases and the methodological quality of the articles included was evaluated using the Downs & Black checklist. Of the 2,391 studies identified, only 12 were selected. There was evidence that BFP had positive outcomes on educational indicators for the female gender and for the Northern region of Brazil. The results showed that BFP has no impact on academic proficiency and performance, but has a significant impact on school attendance and dropout rates.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Public Assistance/statistics & numerical data , Schools , Government Programs/statistics & numerical data , Poverty , Socioeconomic Factors , Brazil , Sex Factors , Educational Status
4.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 35(6): e00159718, 2019. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1011701

ABSTRACT

Estudo transversal aninhado a uma coorte, que teve como objetivo descrever foco e cobertura do programa Bolsa Família em crianças de 13-35 meses de idade. Fez-se uso de dados das coortes de nascimento BRISA, em Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, e São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. O início das coortes ocorreu em 2010, com a inclusão de todos os nascimentos em Ribeirão Preto (7.794) e 5.236 em São Luís, abrangendo amostra aleatória de um terço. No seguimento, realizado de 2011 a 2013, retornaram 3.805 crianças em Ribeirão Preto e 3.308 em São Luís. Foram utilizados dados do momento do seguimento, e estes foram integrados às informações do Cadastro Único (CadÚnico). Consideraram-se dois critérios de elegibilidade para o benefício do Bolsa Família: renda familiar per capita mensal de até R$ 140,00 e classe econômica D/E. Estimaram-se percentuais de foco e cobertura do Bolsa Família. Realizou-se ponderação para perdas de seguimento. O foco do Bolsa Família, segundo renda familiar per capita mensal, foi de 33,8% em São Luís e 15,9% em Ribeirão Preto, e de acordo com a classe econômica foi de 33,7% em São Luís e 15,3% em Ribeirão Preto. A cobertura do Bolsa Família, de acordo com o critério de renda familiar per capita mensal, foi de 82,1% em São Luís e 71,6% em Ribeirão Preto; e segundo classe econômica foi de 68,9% em São Luís e 46,8% em Ribeirão Preto. Foram baixos os percentuais de foco e melhores os de cobertura do Bolsa Família, com estimativas destes indicadores maiores para São Luís em relação a Ribeirão Preto.


The aim of this cross-sectional study nested in a cohort was to describe the targeting and coverage of the Family Income program in children 13 to 35 months of age. Data were obtained from the BRISA Birth Cohorts in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, and São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil. The cohorts started in 2010 with the inclusion of all the births in Ribeirão Preto (7,794) and 5,236 in São Luís, covering a random sample of one third. In the follow-up waves in 2011 and 2013, 3,805 children returned in Ribeirão Preto and 3,308 in São Luís. The data were used from the time of follow-up and were integrated with the information from the Single Registry (CadÚnico). Two eligibility criteria were considered for receiving the Family Income benefit: monthly per capita family income of BRL 140.00 or less (approximately USD 38.00) and economic classes D/E. The percentages of targeting and covering were estimated for Family Income. Weighting was performed for losses to follow-up. According to family income, the program's targeting was 33.8% in São Luís and 15.9% in Ribeirão Preto; according to economic class, it was 33.7% in São Luís and 15.3% in Ribeirão Preto. According to per capita family income, coverage was 82.1% in São Luís and 71.6% in Ribeirão Preto; and according to economic class it was 68.9% in São Luís and 46.8% in Ribeirão Preto. The program's targeting rates were low, while the coverage rates were better. Both indicators were higher in São Luís than in Ribeirão Preto.


Se trata de un estudio transversal anidado en una cohorte, cuyo objetivo fue describir la atención y cobertura del programa Bolsa Familia (PBF), en niños de 13 a 35 meses de edad. Se usaron datos de las cohortes de nacimiento BRISA, en Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, y São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. El inicio de las cohortes fue 2010, con la inclusión de todos los nacimientos en Ribeirão Preto (7.794) y 5.236 en São Luís, abarcando un tercio de la muestra aleatoria. En el seguimiento, realizado de 2011 a 2013, regresaron 3.805 niños en Ribeirão Preto y 3.308 en São Luís. Se utilizaron los datos recogidos cuando se realizó el seguimiento y, posteriormente, se integraron en la información que proporciona el Registro Único (CadÚnico). Se consideraron dos criterios de elegibilidad para ser beneficiario del Bolsa Familia renta familiar per cápita mensual de hasta BRL 140,00 y clase económica D/E. Se estimaron porcentajes de atención y cobertura del Bolsa Familia. Se realizó una ponderación respecto a las pérdidas en el seguimiento. La atención del Bolsa Familia, según renta familiar per cápita mensual, alcanzó a un 33,8% en São Luís y un 15,9% en Ribeirão Preto; y según la clase económica, fue de un 33,7% en São Luís y un 15,3% en Ribeirão Preto. La cobertura del Bolsa Familia, de acuerdo con el criterio de renta familiar per cápita mensual, fue de un 82,1% en São Luís y un 71,6% en Ribeirão Preto; y según la clase económica fue de un 68,9% en São Luís y un 46,8% en Ribeirão Preto. Fueron bajos los porcentajes de atención y mejores los porcentajes de cobertura del Bolsa Familia, con estimaciones mayores de esos indicadores en São Luís, en comparación con los de Ribeirão Preto.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Financing, Government/statistics & numerical data , Public Policy , Socioeconomic Factors , Urban Population , Brazil , Cross-Sectional Studies , Cohort Studies , Government Programs/statistics & numerical data
5.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 22(11): 3557-3566, Nov. 2017. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-890214

ABSTRACT

Resumo A Constituição Federal de 1988 introduziu o Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC) possibilitando a inclusão de pessoas com deficiência. Estudo descritivo, com dados municipais agregados, da distribuição temporal e geográfica da incidência de microcefalia relacionada ao Zika vírus no Brasil e dados das concessões de BPC a crianças com diagnóstico de microcefalia. Apresentam-se dados sobre a demanda e a concessão do BPC para crianças com microcefalia desde 2009. Os casos de microcefalia e/ou alteração do sistema nervoso central foram obtidos do Ministério da Saúde e totalizaram 2.366 casos confirmados de 01/01/2015 a 31/12/2016. A série histórica da concessão de BPC de 2009 a 2016 foi elaborada a partir de dados do Instituto Nacional do Seguro Social e mostrou, até 2014, uma linha de base com a média de 200 benefícios anuais para crianças menores de 48 meses com microcefalia. Em 2016 as concessões aumentaram oito vezes atingindo 1.603 benefícios concedidos a crianças de 731 municípios, das 27 Unidades da Federação. A Região Nordeste concentrou 73% dos BPC concedidos, mas, ainda assim, isto representou menos do que 65% da demanda de casos incidentes. É preciso reforçar a implementação do sistema de referência integrado, inclusive com busca ativa, para que todas as crianças com direito ao BPC tenham acesso.


Abstract The Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988 introduced the Continuous Cash Benefits (BCP), allowing the inclusion of people with disabilities. This is a descriptive study with aggregate municipal data about the time and geographic distribution of the incidence of microcephaly related to the Zika virus in Brazil and data of the BCP grants to children diagnosed with microcephaly. Data on the demand and BCP grants to children with microcephaly since 2009 are shown. Cases of microcephaly and/or central nervous system disorders were obtained from the Ministry of Health and totaled 2,366 confirmed cases from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2016. The historical series of BCP granted from 2009 to 2016 was based on data from the National Institute of Social Security and showed, until 2014, a baseline with an average of 200 annual benefits for children younger than 48 months with microcephaly. In 2016, grants increased eight times, reaching 1,603 benefits granted to children of 731 municipalities spread in the 27 States. The Northeast accounted for 73% of the BCPs granted, however, this was less than 65% of the demand for incident cases. The implementation of the integrated referral system, including active search, should be strengthened to ensure access to all children entitled to BCP.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Disabled Persons/statistics & numerical data , Zika Virus Infection/complications , Government Programs/statistics & numerical data , Microcephaly/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Incidence , Zika Virus Infection/economics , Zika Virus Infection/epidemiology , Government Programs/economics , Microcephaly/economics , Microcephaly/virology
6.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 92(4): 381-387, July-Aug. 2016. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-792579

ABSTRACT

Abstract Objective To evaluate the food frequency and nutritional status among students according to participation in the Bolsa Família program funded by the government. Methods Cross-sectional study carried out with students from the fourth grade of elementary school in the municipal capital of the southeastern region of Brazil. Food consumption and anthropometry were investigated by a questionnaire administered in school, while participation in the Bolsa Família program and other socio-economic information was obtained through a protocol applied to mothers/guardians. Statistical analysis included the Mann–Whitney test, the chi-squared test, and Poisson regression with robust variance, and the 5% significance level was adopted. Results There were 319 children evaluated; 56.4% were male, with a median of 9.4 (8.6–11.9) years, and 37.0% were beneficiaries of Bolsa Família program. Between the two groups, there was high prevalence of regular soda consumption (34.3%), artificial juice (49.5%), and sweets (40.3%), while only 54.3% and 51.7% consumed fruits and vegetables regularly, respectively. Among participants of Bolsa Família program, a prevalence 1.24 times higher in the regular consumption of soft drinks (95% CI: 1.10–1.39) was identified compared to non-beneficiaries. The prevalence of overweight was higher in the sample (32.9%), with no difference according to participation in the program. Conclusion The study found increased consumption of soft drinks among BFP participants. The high rate of overweight and poor eating habits denote the need to develop actions to promote healthy eating, especially for the beneficiaries of the Bolsa Família program, to promote improvements in nutritional status and prevent chronic diseases throughout life.


Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a frequência alimentar e estado nutricional entre escolares segundo a participação no programa governamental Bolsa Família (PBF). Metodologia Estudo de delineamento transversal realizado com alunos do 4° ano do ensino fundamental da rede municipal de uma capital da região sudeste do Brasil. O consumo alimentar e antropometria foram investigados mediante formulário aplicado com os escolares, enquanto a participação no PBF e outras informações socioeconômicas foram obtidas por meio de protocolo aplicado às mães/responsáveis. A análise estatística contemplou os testes Mann–Whitney, Qui-quadrado e Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, sendo adotado o valor de significância de 5%. Resultados Foram avaliadas 319 crianças, 56,4% do sexo masculino, com mediana de 9,4 (8,6–11,9) anos, sendo 37,0% beneficiários do PBF. Entre os dois grupos avaliados (participantes e não-participantes do PBF), observou-se elevada prevalência de consumo regular de refrigerante (34,3%), suco artificial (49,5%), e guloseimas (40,3%), enquanto apenas 54,3% e 51,7% consumiram frutas e hortaliças regularmente, respectivamente. Entre os participantes do PBF, identificou-se prevalência de 1,24 vezes maior no consumo regular de refrigerantes (IC 95%: 1,10–1,39), comparado aos não beneficiários. A prevalência de excesso de peso foi elevada na amostra (32,9%), sem diferença segundo a participação no programa. Conclusão O estudo revelou maior consumo de refrigerantes entre participantes do PBF. A alta taxa de excesso de peso e hábitos alimentares inadequados denota a necessidade de desenvolver ações de promoção da alimentação saudável, em especial com os beneficiários do PBF, a fim de promover melhorias nas condições nutricionais e prevenir doenças crônicas ao longo da vida.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Public Assistance/statistics & numerical data , Nutritional Status , Feeding Behavior , Government Programs/statistics & numerical data , Socioeconomic Factors , Vegetables , Brazil , Carbonated Beverages , Nutrition Assessment , Anthropometry , Cross-Sectional Studies , Statistics, Nonparametric , Diet , Fruit and Vegetable Juices , Fruit , Income/statistics & numerical data
7.
Epidemiol. serv. saúde ; 25(1): 33-44, jan.-mar. 2016. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-778543

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: descrever a proporção de hipertensos e diabéticos que referiram obter medicamentos para controle dessas doenças no Programa Farmácia Popular do Brasil (PFPB), segundo características sociodemográficas. MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo de base populacional, com indivíduos adultos (18 anos ou mais), sobre dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) 2013. RESULTADOS: cerca de um terço dos indivíduos hipertensos (35,9% - IC95% 34,1;37,7) e mais da metade dos diabéticos (57,4% - IC95% 54,2;60,2) obtiveram pelo menos um medicamento no PFPB, com algumas diferenças entre as grandes regiões brasileiras; para os diabéticos, foram encontradas maiores proporções de obtenção de medicamentos pelo PFPB por indivíduos de cor preta (69,4% - IC95% 60,8;77,9) e com menor nível de escolaridade (≤8 anos de estudo) (63,9% - IC95% 60,2;67,7), sem diferenças significativas entre os grupos etários e sexos. CONCLUSÃO: a obtenção de pelo menos um medicamento para tratamento da hipertensão e diabetes pelo PFPB foi elevada, especialmente nos segmentos menos favorecidos socioeconomicamente.


OBJECTIVE: to describe the proportion of hypertensive and diabetic patients who reported getting medicines to control these diseases via the Brazilian People's Pharmacy Program, according to sociodemographic factors. METHODS: this was a population-based descriptive study using 2013 National Health Survey data on individuals aged over 18 years. RESULTS: around one third of hypertensive individuals (35.9%; 95%CI 34.1-37.7) and more than half of those with diabetes (57.4%; 95%CI 54.2-60.2%) had got at least one kind of medication via the Program, there being some differences between the country's regions. Among patients with diabetes, higher rates of getting medication were found in black people (69.4%; 95%CI 60.8-77.9) and those with less schooling (0-8 years) (63.9%; 95%CI 60.2-67.7), with no significant differences between age groups or sex. CONCLUSION: obtaining at least one kind of medication to treat hypertension and diabetes via the Program was high, especially among the underprivileged.


OBJETIVO: describir la proporción de hipertensos y diabéticos que reportaron conseguir medicamentos para controlar estas enfermedades en el Programa Farmacia Popular de Brasil (PFPB), de acuerdo con factores sociodemográficos. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo poblacional, con individuos adultos (18 años o más), con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (PNS) 2013. RESULTADOS: cerca de un tercio de los individuos hipertensos (35,9%; IC95% 34,1-37,7) y más de la mitad de los diabéticos (57,4%; IC95% 54,2-60,2) obtuvieron al menos un medicamento en el PFPB, con diferencias entre las regiones; entre los diabéticos se encontraron mayores proporciones de obtención de medicamentos por el PFPB en individuos negros (69,4%; IC95% 60,8-77,9) y menor nivel de educación (≤8 años de estudio) (63,9%; IC95% 60,2-67,7), sin diferencias significativas entre los grupos etario o sexo. CONCLUSIÓN: la obtención de al menos un medicamento para el tratamiento de hipertensión y diabetes por el PFPB fui significativo, especialmente en los sectores menos favorecidos socioeconómicamente.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Antihypertensive Agents/supply & distribution , Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy , Hypertension/drug therapy , Hypoglycemic Agents/supply & distribution , Drugs, Essential/supply & distribution , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Government Programs/statistics & numerical data , Socioeconomic Factors
8.
Rev. saúde pública ; 48(3): 398-405, 06/2014. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-718640

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE To analyze the effectiveness of the Chilean System of Childhood Welfare in transferring benefits to socially vulnerable families. METHODS A cross-sectional study with a sample of 132 families from the Metropolitan Region, Chile, stratified according to degree of social vulnerability, between September 2011 and January 2012. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with mothers of the studied families in public health facilities or their households. The variables studied were family structure, psychosocial risk in the family context and integrated benefits from the welfare system in families that fulfill the necessary requirements for transfer of benefits. Descriptive statistics to measure location and dispersion were calculated. A binary logistic regression, which accounts for the sample size of the study, was carried out. RESULTS The groups were homogenous regarding family size, the presence of biological father in the household, the number of relatives living in the same dwelling, income generation capacity and the rate of dependency and psychosocial risk (p ≥ 0.05). The transfer of benefits was low in all three groups of the sample (≤ 23.0%). The benefit with the best coverage in the system was the Single Family Subsidy, whose transfer was associated with the size of the family, the presence of relatives in the dwelling, the absence of the father in the household, a high rate of dependency and a high income generation capacity (p ≤ 0.10). CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of benefit transfer was poor, especially in families that were extremely socially vulnerable. Further explanatory studies of benefit transfers to the vulnerable population, of differing intensity and duration, are required in order to reduce health disparities and inequalities. .


OBJETIVO Analizar la efectividad de las transferencias de beneficios del Sistema de Protección Integral de la Infancia a familias de Chile socialmente vulnerables. MÉTODOS Estudio transversal analítico con 132 familias, estratificadas según vulnerabilidad social en la Región Metropolitana, Chile, entre septiembre de 2011 y enero de 2012. Se aplicó entrevista semiestructurada a madres de familias en centros de salud públicos o en sus domicilios. Las variables fueron: estructura familiar, riesgo psicosocial del entorno familiar y beneficios integrados del sistema de protección social requeridos en las familias que cumplían con el requisito de aplicabilidad para la transferencia del beneficio. Se calcularon estadígrafos descriptivos, de posición y dispersión. Fue realizada regresión logística binaria, pertinente por el tamaño de la muestra. RESULTADOS Los grupos fueron homogéneos en cuanto a tamaño de la familia, presencia del progenitor y número de allegados, capacidad generadora de ingresos, tasa de dependencia y riesgo psicosocial (p ≥ 0,05). La transferencia de los beneficios fue baja en los tres grupos (≤ 23,0%). La mejor cobertura estuvo representada por el Subsidio Único Familiar, cuya entrega se relacionó con el tamaño de la familia, la presencia de allegados, progenitor ausente, la alta tasa de dependencia y alta capacidad generadora de ingresos (p ≤ 0,10). CONCLUSIONES La efectividad de entrega de los beneficios fue baja, especialmente en familias de extrema vulnerabilidad social. Nuevos estudios explicativos de formas de transferencia de beneficios deben ser realizados con diferentes niveles de intensidad y tiempos de exposición en poblaciones vulnerables, para disminuir las disparidades y desigualdades en salud. .


Subject(s)
Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Child Welfare , Government Programs/standards , Public Health , Public Policy , Social Support , Vulnerable Populations , Chile , Cross-Sectional Studies , Government Programs/statistics & numerical data , Mothers , Urban Population
9.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 34(6): 429-436, dic. 2013. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-702718

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Compreender as repercussões do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) e analisar seus efeitos nos processos de inclusão e exclusão social vividos pelas famílias pobres no Brasil, em especial sua potencialidade para enfrentar iniquidades em saúde. MÉTODOS: A investigação de abordagem qualitativa empregou a metodologia de estudo de caso com utilização das técnicas de observação participante, pesquisa documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas com famílias beneficiárias e ex-beneficiárias do PBF, além de gestores municipais. O estudo foi conduzido em um município de pequeno porte do estado do Rio de Janeiro, com elevado índice de exclusão social e cobertura de 100% da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF).A abordagem dosprocessos deinclusão e exclusão socialem suas dimensões econômica, social, política e cultural foi utilizada para orientar a coleta e análise dos dados. RESULTADOS: O programa favoreceu a inclusão social das famílias pobres, especialmente nas dimensões econômica e social, apesar de não promover as mudanças reivindicadas pelos beneficiários na esfera do trabalho. Os efeitos na dimensão política foram limitados pelo funcionamento inadequado das instâncias de participação social. Os entrevistados destacaram os efeitos positivos da ESF relacionados ao usufruto do direito à saúde, em particular a ampliação do acesso e utilização de serviços de saúde de atenção primária. No entanto, esses efeitos mostraram-se desvinculados do PBF. CONCLUSÕES: O trabalho aponta efeitos, limites e desafios do PBF para modificar os determinantes sociais produtores de iniquidades da saúde, a fim de que se alterem, de modo mais permanente, as dinâmicas de exclusão/inclusão social de famílias vivendo em situação de pobreza.


OBJECTIVE: To understand the impact of Bolsa Família (PBF), a federal cash transfer program, and to analyze its effects on social inclusion and exclusion processes experienced by low-income families in Brazil, with a focus on the program's potential to help overcome health inequity. METHODS: This qualitative investigation used a case study methodology including observant participation, review of documents, and semi-structured interviews with current and former PBF beneficiaries, as well as with the program's local managers. The study was conducted in a small city in the state of Rio de Janeiro with a high social exclusion index and 100% coverage by the Family Health Strategy (Estratégia Saúde da Família, ESF) program. The economic, political, social, and cultural dimensions of social exclusion and inclusion processes were used to guide data collection and analysis. RESULTS: The program facilitated social inclusion of low-income families, especially in the economic and social dimensions. Nevertheless, it did not produce the changes desired by the beneficiaries in the work dimension. The effects on the political dimension were limited by the insufficient social engagement of the PBF. The interviewees underscored the positive effects of the ESF, which allowed them to exercise their right to health by granting them wider access to primary health care services. However, these effects appeared to be unrelated to the PBF. CONCLUSIONS: The results reveal effects, limitations, and challenges of the PBF towards modifying the social determinants of health inequity, in order to promote more effective changes in the social exclusion/inclusion dynamics affecting low-income families.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Aid to Families with Dependent Children/organization & administration , Government Programs , Health Status Disparities , Healthcare Disparities/statistics & numerical data , Aid to Families with Dependent Children/economics , Brazil , Educational Status , Employment , Government Programs/organization & administration , Government Programs/statistics & numerical data , Healthcare Disparities/economics , Income , Poverty , Program Evaluation , Public Policy , Qualitative Research , Social Discrimination , United States
10.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-140270

ABSTRACT

Background & objectives: New diagnostic tests for tuberculosis, especially those based on nucleic acid amplification, offer the possibility of early and accurate diagnosis of active TB. In this study we use mathematical modelling to explore the potential epidemiological impact of these new tests, with particular reference to India. Methods: A behavioural model of patient-doctor interactions embedded in an epidemiological model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission, linked to field data, was used to investigate the effects of early diagnosis in preventing future TB cases. Results: New diagnostic tests for active TB will have a bigger impact sooner where: disease incidence is high and most cases are due to recent infection; advances in test technology (test sensitivity, specificity, etc.) are combined with early diagnosis; new tests have not only better technical specifications than current tests, but also compensate for the misuse of existing tests; health system delays are long compared with patient delays, assuming the former are more amenable to change. Interpretation & conclusions: New diagnostic tests will certainly improve TB control, but the highest impact will be obtained by applying tests with higher sensitivity and specificity early in the infectious period. Refined behavioural and epidemiological models should be able to investigate the mechanisms by which early diagnosis could be achieved, in addition to the consequent epidemiological effects.


Subject(s)
Diagnosis , Diagnostic Tests, Routine/methods , Health Systems Plans/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Tuberculosis/transmission , Time Factors , Behavior , Directly Observed Therapy/methods , Humans , Government Programs/statistics & numerical data , Humans , India , National Health Programs/trends , National Health Programs/statistics & numerical data , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy
11.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-140266

ABSTRACT

The Phase II (2006-2012) of the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) has been successful in achieving its objectives. Tuberculosis (TB) disease burden (prevalence and mortality) in India has reduced significantly when compared to 1990 levels, and India is on track to achieve the TB related millennium development goals. Despite significant progress, TB still continues to be one of the major public health problems in the country, and intensified efforts are required to reduce TB transmission and accelerate reductions in TB incidence, particularly in urban areas and difficult terrains. Achieving ‘Universal access’ is possible and necessary for the country. RNTCP during the 12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017) aims to achieve ‘Universal access’ to quality assured TB diagnosis and treatment and elaborate plans are being made. This requires broad and concerted efforts and support from all stakeholders with substantial enhancement of commitment and financing at all levels. This paper describes the new vision of RNTCP and an overview of how this will be achieved.


Subject(s)
Directly Observed Therapy/methods , Government Programs/trends , Government Programs/statistics & numerical data , National Health Programs/trends , National Health Programs/statistics & numerical data , India , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy
12.
Psicol. reflex. crit ; 25(4): 719-729, 2012. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-662624

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to evaluate a program of income distribution in Brazil (Family Grant Program, FGP) using a quasi experiment in shantytowns in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. Questionnaires, which contained questions regarding the three main axes of the program, were personally administered to 281 program participants and 249 non-participants (control group) in either their homes or in public spaces of the shantytowns. The results of several statistical tests (t-test, correlation and Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test) identified significant differences between the groups of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries, which signal a positive influence of the FGP, including increases in the number of daily meals and family income. However, some conditionalities of the program are not being fulfilled...


Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar um programa de distribuição de renda no Brasil (programa de bolsa família, FGP) usando um quasi-experimento em favelas na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Questionários, que continha perguntas sobre os três eixos principais do programa, foram administradas pessoalmente a 281 programa participantes e 249 não-participantes (grupo controle) em qualquer de suas casas ou em circulam normalmente espaços públicos em favelas. Os resultados de vários testes estatísticos (teste t, correlação e teste de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney) identificaram diferenças significativas entre os grupos de beneficiários e não beneficiários, que sinalizam uma influência positiva da FGP, incluindo aumentos no número de refeições diárias e renda familiar. No entanto, algumas condicionalidades do programa não estão a ser cumpridas...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Poverty , Program Evaluation , Public Policy , Government Programs/statistics & numerical data , Brazil , Poverty Areas , Quality of Life
13.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 30(1): 80-86, jul. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-608292

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Buscar na literatura evidências relativas à contribuição dos programas de promoção da saúde no processo de envelhecimento saudável no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Pesquisaram-se as bases de dados Science Direct, SciELO, LILACS, IBECS, Biblioteca Cochrane e MEDLINE em busca de artigos que enfocassem iniciativas voltadas para a população idosa e o envelhecimento saudável, que avaliassem multidimensionalmente a qualidade de vida do idoso e que tratassem de aspectos relativos às práticas profissionais específicas em promoção da saúde. Para definir a eficácia das iniciativas, adotaram-se os seguintes critérios: ter metas que incluíssem a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar; ter foco na saúde holística; usar o empoderamento como mecanismo central; atender os pré-requisitos da saúde e realizar ações nas áreas prioritárias da Carta de Ottawa. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 10 artigos que se referiam a cinco programas de promoção da saúde do idoso no Brasil. Pode-se afirmar que todos os programas apresentados demonstraram elementos que vão ao encontro da promoção da saúde no envelhecimento por abranger características que permitem a inserção dos idosos na sociedade por meio da criação do ambiente de suporte para prevenção de agravos, aumento da capacidade funcional e melhoria da qualidade de vida, tendo sido atendidos os critérios de eficácia. CONCLUSÕES: É preciso produzir evidências científicas acerca da efetividade, eficiência e eficácia dos programas para a terceira idade para que se possa avaliar o valor dessas ações na promoção da saúde no envelhecimento.


OBJECTIVE: To search the literature for evidence of the contribution of elderly health programs to the process of healthy aging in Brazil. METHODS: The databases Science Direct, SciELO, LILACS, IBECS, the Cochrane Library, and MEDLINE were searched to find articles focusing on initiatives developed for the elderly population and to promote healthy aging, providing a multidimensional evaluation of the quality of life of the elderly, and covering aspects relating to specific health promotion practices. The initiatives were considered effective if the following criteria were met: having goals that included the improvement of health and well-being, having a focus on holistic health, using empowerment as a central mechanism to improve health, and meeting the prerequisites for health and developing actions in the priority areas described in the Ottawa Charter. RESULTS: Ten articles referring to five elderly health promotion programs in Brazil were identified. All the programs met the efficacy criteria, and included elements that promoted healthy aging through characteristics that fostered the insertion of the elderly in society through the creation of a support environment for the prevention of injury, increase in functional capacity, and improvement of quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Studies are required to produce scientific evidence on the efficacy, efficiency, and effectiveness of elderly health programs to determine the value of these actions to promote healthy aging.


Subject(s)
Aged , Humans , Aging , Government Programs/organization & administration , Health Promotion/organization & administration , Health Services for the Aged/organization & administration , Accident Prevention , Brazil , Goals , Government Programs/statistics & numerical data , Health Priorities , Health Promotion/statistics & numerical data , Health Services for the Aged/statistics & numerical data , Holistic Health , Population Dynamics , Program Evaluation , Quality of Life , Social Support
14.
Salud pública Méx ; 53(1): 26-33, Jan.-Feb. 2011. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-574961

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de la dependencia funcional (DF) de los adultos mayores (AM) que viven en condiciones de pobreza en México, y estimar la asociación entre la DF y las caídas. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó una encuesta con tres etapas de selección, con estratificación según tipo de localidad (rural o urbana) y con representatividad nacional del padrón de Oportunidades 2006. La población objetivo estuvo conformada por individuos de 70 años y más, beneficiarios del Programa Oportunidades. RESULTADOS: El 30.9 por ciento de los AM presentaron DF. Los resultados del modelo de regresión logística estratificado por sexo mostraron que, en el grupo de mujeres, la razón de momios RM para la asociación entre el incremento en el número de caídas y DF fue de 1.25 (IC:1.13-1.39), y en el grupo de hombres fue de 1.12 (IC:0.97-1.29). CONCLUSIONES: Debido a las condiciones de vulnerabilidad en que viven estos adultos mayores, se muestra la necesidad de realizar intervenciones específicas para la prevención de caídas de manera que se disminuya el riesgo de dependencia funcional.


OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of functional dependency (FD) on Mexican elderly living in extreme poverty conditions and to estimate the association between falls and FD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A survey was conducted with three stages for selection, stratified by type of locality (rural or urban) and nationally representative of the 2006 Oportunidades Program. The target population was composed of individuals 70 years of age and older who were beneficiaries of the Oportunidades Program. RESULTS: A total of 30.9 percent of the elderly presented FD. The gender stratified logistic regression model resulted in an odds ratio (OR) for women of 1.25 (I.C:1.13-1.39) for the association between the increase in the number of falls and FD and OR=1.12 (I.C:0.97-1.29) for men. CONCLUSIONS: Given the vulnerable conditions in which these older adults live, specific interventions need to be implemented to prevent falls in order to reduce the risk of functional dependency.


Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Accidental Falls/statistics & numerical data , Frail Elderly/statistics & numerical data , Poverty/statistics & numerical data , Vulnerable Populations/statistics & numerical data , Accidental Falls/economics , Comorbidity , Fractures, Bone/epidemiology , Government Programs/statistics & numerical data , Hearing Disorders/epidemiology , Mexico , Prevalence , Rural Population/statistics & numerical data , Socioeconomic Factors , Urban Population/statistics & numerical data , Vision Disorders/epidemiology
15.
Salud pública Méx ; 53(supl.2): s188-s196, 2011. tab
Article in Spanish | RHS, LILACS | ID: lil-597138

ABSTRACT

En este artículo se describen las condiciones de salud de la población salvadoreña y, con mayor detalle, el sistema de salud de El Salvador, incluyendo su estructura y cobertura, sus fuentes de financiamiento, los recursos físicos, materiales y humanos con los que cuenta, las actividades de rectoría que desarrolla el Ministerio de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social, y la participación de los usuarios de los servicios de salud en la evaluación del sistema. Asimismo se discuten las más recientes innovaciones implantadas por el sistema salvadoreño de salud, dentro de las que destacan la aprobación de la Ley de Creación del Sistema Nacional de Salud que busca ampliar la cobertura, disminuir las desigualdades y mejorar la coordinación de las instituciones públicas de salud.


This paper describes the health conditions in El Salvador and the main característics of the Salvadoran health system, including its structure and coverage, its financial sources, the physical, material and human resources available, the stewardship functions developed by the Ministry of Public Health, and the participation of health care users in the evaluation of the system. It also discusses the most recent policy innovations including the approval of the Law for the Creation of the National Health System, which intends to expand coverage, reduce health inequalities and improve the coordination of public health institutions.


Subject(s)
Humans , Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration , Health Services Administration , Community Participation/statistics & numerical data , Delivery of Health Care/economics , Delivery of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Demography , El Salvador , Financing, Organized/economics , Financing, Organized/organization & administration , Financing, Organized/statistics & numerical data , Government Programs/economics , Government Programs/organization & administration , Government Programs/statistics & numerical data , Health Expenditures/statistics & numerical data , Health Resources/organization & administration , Health Resources/statistics & numerical data , Health Resources/supply & distribution , Health Services Administration/economics , Health Services Administration/statistics & numerical data , Health Services/economics , Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Health Status Indicators , Insurance Benefits/economics , Insurance Benefits/statistics & numerical data , Insurance Coverage/economics , Insurance Coverage/statistics & numerical data , Insurance, Health/economics , Insurance, Health/organization & administration , Insurance, Health/statistics & numerical data , National Health Programs/economics , National Health Programs/legislation & jurisprudence , National Health Programs/organization & administration , National Health Programs/statistics & numerical data , Organizational Innovation , Private Sector/economics , Private Sector/organization & administration , Private Sector/statistics & numerical data , Quality Assurance, Health Care/organization & administration , Social Security/economics , Social Security/organization & administration , Social Security/statistics & numerical data , Vital Statistics
16.
Salud pública Méx ; 53(supl.2): s96-s109, 2011. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-597130

ABSTRACT

En este artículo se describe el sistema de salud de Argentina, que está compuesto por tres sectores: público, de seguridad social y privado. El sector público está integrado por los ministerios nacional y provincial, y la red de hospitales y centros de salud públicos que prestan atención gratuita a toda persona que lo demande, fundamentalmente a personas sin seguridad social y sin capacidad de pago. Se financia con recursos fiscales y recibe pagos ocasionales de parte del sistema de seguridad social cuando atiende a sus afiliados. El sector del seguro social obligatorio está organizado en torno a las Obras Sociales (OS), que aseguran y prestan servicios a los trabajadores y sus familias. La mayoría de las OS operan a través de contratos con prestadores privados y se financian con contribuciones de los trabajadores y patronales. El sector privado está conformado por profesionales de la salud y establecimientos que atienden a demandantes individuales, a los beneficiarios de las OS y de los seguros privados. Este sector también incluye entidades de seguro voluntario llamadas Empresas de Medicina Prepaga que se financian sobre todo con primas que pagan las familias y/o las empresas. En este trabajo también se describen las innovaciones recientes en el sistema de salud, incluyendo el Programa Remediar.


This paper describes the health system of Argentina.This system has three sectors: public, social security and private.The public sector includes the national and provincial ministries as well as the network of public hospitals and primary health care units which provide care to the poor and uninsured population. This sector is financed with taxes and payments made by social security beneficiaries that use public health care facilities. The social security sector or Obras Sociales (OS) covers all workers of the formal economy and their families. Most OS operate through contracts with private providers and are financed with payroll contributions of employers and employees. Finally, the private sector includes all those private providers offering services to individuals, OS beneficiaries and all those with private health insurance.This sector also includes private insurance agencies called Prepaid Medicine Enterprises, financed mostly through premiums paid by families and/or employers.This paper also discusses some of the recent innovations implemented in Argentina, including the program Remediar.


Subject(s)
Humans , Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration , Health Services Administration , Argentina , Community Participation/statistics & numerical data , Delivery of Health Care/economics , Delivery of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Demography , Financing, Organized/economics , Financing, Organized/organization & administration , Financing, Organized/statistics & numerical data , Government Programs/economics , Government Programs/organization & administration , Government Programs/statistics & numerical data , Health Expenditures/statistics & numerical data , Health Resources/organization & administration , Health Resources/statistics & numerical data , Health Resources/supply & distribution , Health Services Administration/economics , Health Services Administration/statistics & numerical data , Health Services/economics , Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Health Status Indicators , Insurance Benefits/economics , Insurance Benefits/statistics & numerical data , Insurance Coverage/economics , Insurance Coverage/statistics & numerical data , Insurance, Health/economics , Insurance, Health/organization & administration , Insurance, Health/statistics & numerical data , National Health Programs/economics , National Health Programs/organization & administration , National Health Programs/statistics & numerical data , Organizational Innovation , Private Sector/economics , Private Sector/organization & administration , Private Sector/statistics & numerical data , Quality Assurance, Health Care/organization & administration , Social Security/economics , Social Security/organization & administration , Social Security/statistics & numerical data , Vital Statistics
17.
Salud pública Méx ; 53(supl.2): s109-s119, 2011. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-597131

ABSTRACT

En este trabajo se describen las características generales del sistema de salud de Bolivia: su organización y cobertura; sus fuentes de financiamiento y gasto en salud; los recursos físicos, materiales y humanos de los que dispone; las actividades de rectoría que desarrolla, y el nivel que ha alcanzado la investigación en salud. También se discuten las innovaciones más recientes que se han llevado a cabo en los últimos años, incluyendo el Seguro Universal Materno Infantil, el Programa de Extensión de Cobertura a Áreas Rurales, el Modelo de Salud Familiar, Comunitaria e Intercultural y el programa de subsidios monetarios Juana Azurduy, dirigido a fortalecer la atención prenatal y del parto.


This paper describes the Bolivian health system, including its structure and organization, its financing sources, its health expenditure, its physical, material and humans resources, its stewardship activities and the its health research institutions. It also discusses the most recent policy innovations developed in Bolivia: the Maternal and Child Universal Insurance, the Program for the Extension of Coverage to Rural Areas, the Family, Community and Inter-Cultural Health Model and the cash-transfer program Juana Azurduy intended to strengthen maternal and child care.


Subject(s)
Humans , Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration , Health Services Administration , Bolivia , Community Participation/statistics & numerical data , Delivery of Health Care/economics , Delivery of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Demography , Financing, Organized/economics , Financing, Organized/organization & administration , Financing, Organized/statistics & numerical data , Government Programs/economics , Government Programs/organization & administration , Government Programs/statistics & numerical data , Health Expenditures/statistics & numerical data , Health Resources/organization & administration , Health Resources/statistics & numerical data , Health Resources/supply & distribution , Health Services Administration/economics , Health Services Administration/statistics & numerical data , Health Services/economics , Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Health Status Indicators , Insurance Benefits/economics , Insurance Benefits/statistics & numerical data , Insurance Coverage/economics , Insurance Coverage/statistics & numerical data , Insurance, Health/economics , Insurance, Health/organization & administration , Insurance, Health/statistics & numerical data , National Health Programs/economics , National Health Programs/organization & administration , National Health Programs/statistics & numerical data , Organizational Innovation , Private Sector/economics , Private Sector/organization & administration , Private Sector/statistics & numerical data , Quality Assurance, Health Care/organization & administration , Social Security/economics , Social Security/organization & administration , Social Security/statistics & numerical data , Vital Statistics
18.
Salud pública Méx ; 53(supl.2): s120-s131, 2011. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-597132

ABSTRACT

En este trabajo se describe el sistema de salud de Brasil, que está compuesto por un sector público que cubre alrededor de 75 por ciento de la población y un creciente sector privado que ofrece atención a la salud al restante 25 por ciento de los brasileños. El sector público está constituido por el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) y su financiamiento proviene de impuestos generales y contribuciones sociales recaudadas por los tres niveles de gobierno (federal, estatal y municipal). El SUS presta servicios de manera descentralizada a través de sus redes de clínicas, hospitales y otro tipo de instalaciones, y a través de contratos con establecimientos privados. El SUS es además responsable de la coordinación del sector público. El sector privado está conformado por un sistema de esquemas de aseguramiento conocido como Salud Suplementaria financiado con recursos de las empresas y/o las familias: la medicina de grupo (empresas y familias), las cooperativas médicas, los llamados Planes Autoadministrados (empresas) y los planes de seguros de salud individuales. También existen consultorios, hospitales, clínicas y laboratorios privados que funcionan sobre la base de pagos de bolsillo, que utilizan sobre todo la población de mayores ingresos. En este trabajo se analizan los recursos con los que cuenta el sistema, las actividades de rectoría que se desarrollan y las innovaciones más recientemente implantadas, incluyendo el Programa de Salud de la Familia y el Programa Más Salud.


This paper describes the Brazilian health system, which includes a public sector covering almost 75 percent of the population and an expanding private sector offering health services to the rest of the population. The public sector is organized around the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) and it is financed with general taxes and social contributions collected by the three levels of government (federal, state and municipal). SUS provides health care through a decentralized network of clinics, hospitals and other establishments, as well as through contracts with private providers. SUS is also responsible for the coordination of the public sector. The private sector includes a system of insurance schemes known as Supplementary Health which is financed by employers and/or households: group medicine (companies and households), medical cooperatives, the so called Self-Administered Plans (companies) and individual insurance plans.The private sector also includes clinics, hospitals and laboratories offering services on out-of-pocket basis mostly used by the high-income population. This paper also describes the resources of the system, the stewardship activities developed by the Ministry of Health and other actors, and the most recent policy innovations implemented in Brazil, including the programs saúde da Familia and Mais Saúde.


Subject(s)
Humans , Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration , Health Services Administration , Brazil , Community Participation/statistics & numerical data , Delivery of Health Care/economics , Delivery of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Demography , Financing, Organized/economics , Financing, Organized/organization & administration , Financing, Organized/statistics & numerical data , Government Programs/economics , Government Programs/organization & administration , Government Programs/statistics & numerical data , Health Expenditures/statistics & numerical data , Health Resources/organization & administration , Health Resources/statistics & numerical data , Health Resources/supply & distribution , Health Services Administration/economics , Health Services Administration/statistics & numerical data , Health Services/economics , Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Health Status Indicators , Insurance Benefits/economics , Insurance Benefits/statistics & numerical data , Insurance Coverage/economics , Insurance Coverage/statistics & numerical data , Insurance, Health/economics , Insurance, Health/organization & administration , Insurance, Health/statistics & numerical data , National Health Programs/economics , National Health Programs/organization & administration , National Health Programs/statistics & numerical data , Organizational Innovation , Private Sector/economics , Private Sector/organization & administration , Private Sector/statistics & numerical data , Quality Assurance, Health Care/organization & administration , Social Security/economics , Social Security/organization & administration , Social Security/statistics & numerical data , Vital Statistics
19.
Salud pública Méx ; 53(supl.2): s132-s142, 2011. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-597133

ABSTRACT

En este trabajo se describe el sistema de salud de Chile, incluyendo su estructura, financiamiento, beneficiarios y recursos físicos, materiales y humanos de los que dispone. Este sistema está compuesto por dos sectores, público y privado. El sector público está formado por todos los organismos que constituyen el Sistema Nacional de Servicios de Salud y cubre aproximadamente a 70 por ciento de la población, incluyendo a los pobres del campo y las ciudades, la clase media baja y los jubilados, así como los profesionales y técnicos. El sector privado cubre aproximadamente a 17.5 por ciento de la población perteneciente a los grupos sociales de mayores ingresos. Un pequeño sector de la población, perteneciente a la clase alta, realiza pagos directos de bolsillo a proveedores privados de servicios de atención a la salud. Alrededor de 10 por ciento de la población está cubierta por otras agencias públicas, fundamentalmente los Servicios de Salud de las Fuerzas Armadas. Recientemente el sistema se reformó creando el Régimen General de Garantías en Salud, que establece un Sistema Universal con Garantías Explícitas que se tradujo, en 2005, en el Plan de Acceso Universal con Garantías Explícitas (AUGE), que garantiza el acceso oportuno a servicios de calidad para 56 problemas de salud, incluyendo cáncer en niños, cáncer de mama, trastornos isquémicos del corazón, VIH/SIDA y diabetes.


This paper describes the Chilean health system, including its structure, financing, beneficiaries, and its physical, material and human resources. This system has two sectors, public and private. The public sector comprises all the organisms that constitute the National System of Health Services, which covers 70 percent of the population, including the rural and urban poor, the low middle-class, the retired, and the self-employed professionals and technicians.The private sector covers 17.5 percent of the population, mostly the upper middle-class and the high-income population. A small proportion of the population uses private health services and pays for them out-of-pocket. Around l0 percent of the population is covered by other public agencies, basically the Health Services for the Armed Forces. The system was recently reformed with the establishment of a Universal System of Explicit Entitlements, which operates through a Universal Plan of Explicit Entitlements (AUGE), which guarantees timely access to treatment for 56 health problems, including cancer in children, breast cancer, ischaemic heart disease, HIV/AIDS and diabetes.


Subject(s)
Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration , Health Services Administration , Chile , Community Participation/statistics & numerical data , Delivery of Health Care/economics , Delivery of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Demography , Financing, Organized/economics , Financing, Organized/organization & administration , Financing, Organized/statistics & numerical data , Government Programs/economics , Government Programs/organization & administration , Government Programs/statistics & numerical data , Health Expenditures/statistics & numerical data , Health Resources/organization & administration , Health Resources/statistics & numerical data , Health Resources/supply & distribution , Health Services Administration/economics , Health Services Administration/statistics & numerical data , Health Services/economics , Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Health Status Indicators , Insurance Benefits/economics , Insurance Benefits/statistics & numerical data , Insurance Coverage/economics , Insurance Coverage/statistics & numerical data , Insurance, Health/economics , Insurance, Health/organization & administration , Insurance, Health/statistics & numerical data , National Health Programs/economics , National Health Programs/organization & administration , National Health Programs/statistics & numerical data , Organizational Innovation , Private Sector/economics , Private Sector/organization & administration , Private Sector/statistics & numerical data , Quality Assurance, Health Care/organization & administration , Social Security/economics , Social Security/organization & administration , Social Security/statistics & numerical data , Vital Statistics
20.
Salud pública Méx ; 53(supl.2): s144-s155, 2011. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-597134

ABSTRACT

En este trabajo se presenta una breve descripción de las condiciones de salud de Colombia y una descripción detallada del sistema colombiano de salud. Esta última incluye una descripción de su estructura y cobertura, sus fuentes de financiamiento, el gasto en salud, los recursos con los que cuenta, quién vigila y evalúa al sector salud y qué herramientas de participación tienen los usuarios. Dentro de las innovaciones más recientes del sistema se incluyen las modificaciones al Plan Obligatorio de Salud y a los montos de la unidad de pago por capitación, la integración vertical entre empresas promotoras de salud y las instituciones prestadoras de servicios, así como el establecimiento de nuevas fuentes de recursos para lograr la universalidad e igualar los planes de beneficios entre los distintos regímenes.


This document briefly describes the health conditions of the Colombian population and, in more detail, the characteristics of the Colombian health system. The description of the system includes its structure and coverage; financing sources; expenditure in health; physical material and human resources available; monitoring and evaluation procedures; and mechanisms through which the population participates in the evaluation of the system. Salient among the most recent innovations implemented in the Colombian health system are the modification of the Compulsory Health Plan and the capitation payment unit, the vertical integration of the health promotion enterprises and the institutions in charge of the provision of services and the mobilization of additional resources to meet the objectives of universal coverage and the homologation of health benefits among health regimes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration , Health Services Administration , Colombia , Community Participation/statistics & numerical data , Delivery of Health Care/economics , Delivery of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Demography , Financing, Organized/economics , Financing, Organized/organization & administration , Financing, Organized/statistics & numerical data , Government Programs/economics , Government Programs/organization & administration , Government Programs/statistics & numerical data , Health Expenditures/statistics & numerical data , Health Resources/organization & administration , Health Resources/statistics & numerical data , Health Resources/supply & distribution , Health Services Administration/economics , Health Services Administration/statistics & numerical data , Health Services/economics , Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Health Status Indicators , Insurance Benefits/economics , Insurance Benefits/statistics & numerical data , Insurance Coverage/economics , Insurance Coverage/statistics & numerical data , Insurance, Health/economics , Insurance, Health/organization & administration , Insurance, Health/statistics & numerical data , National Health Programs/economics , National Health Programs/organization & administration , National Health Programs/statistics & numerical data , Organizational Innovation , Private Sector/economics , Private Sector/organization & administration , Private Sector/statistics & numerical data , Quality Assurance, Health Care/organization & administration , Social Security/economics , Social Security/organization & administration , Social Security/statistics & numerical data , Vital Statistics
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